AUXILIARY AND MODALS

CHAPTER 8

AUXILIARY AND MODALS

PRESENT PAST
Ability Can
I can speak German Could
I could speak German when I was a child
Permission May, Can, Might
May I go playing football ? Could, Might
Could I go playing football?
Possibility May, Can, Might
John hasn’t come yet. He may work. May, Have, Might Have
John hadn’t come yet when we got home. He might have worked overtime
Advise Should, Ought to, Had better.
You should study hard. Should have, Ought to have.
you should have studied hard.
Necessity Must, Have to.
We must eat our breakfast. Had to
We had to eat our breakfast this morning.
Probability Must
He is absent today.
He must be sick. Must have
He was absent yesterday.
He must have been sick.
Catatan :
1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
You don’t have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
contoh :
o My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
o My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.

EXAMPLES
- He can do it
- Can I borrow your pen?
- Could I borrow your pen please? Yes, certainly or yes of course
- May I borrow your pen please?
- Would you pass the salt please?
- Will you pass the salt please?
- Could you pass the salt
- Can you pass the salt? Yes, certainly, I’d be glad to
- Would you mind if I closed the window?
- Would you mind helping me?
- You must take an extra exam

Ask and answer polite questions
1. A and B are sitting at the dinner table. A. wants the butter
A: Would you please pass me the butter?
B: Certainly, I’d be glad to, Here you are

2. You want to ask your teacher question
3. You want to leave the class earlier . you’re speaking to your instructor.

Change into polite requests
Example:
- Open the window (could you please open the window or would you mind opening the window)
1. turn on the light
2. give me that book
3. sit down
4. Say that again
5. Give me you pen
6. pass me the butter



Complete the sentence with your own words

1. Children must not……
2. Driver must not…..
3. Students must…..
4. I must…
5. we mustn’t……
Complete the following sentences
1. I should study tonight because…..
2. I should wash my clothes today, but….
3. You shouldn’t stay up late tonight because….